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電路系統性(xing)(xing)能的穩(wen)定性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)可靠性(xing)(xing)與選(xuan)用(yong)元器(qi)件(jian)的參(can)數(shu)、檔次和(he)(he)質量(liang)密切相(xiang)(xiang)關。設計者應根據產品應用(yong)環(huan)境和(he)(he)電氣性(xing)(xing)能要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，準確(que)提出(chu)元器(qi)件(jian)參(can)數(shu)的具體要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，包括標稱值、精度(du)和(he)(he)誤差要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)、穩(wen)定性(xing)(xing)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)、溫度(du)范圍要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)、安(an)裝尺寸等密切相(xiang)(xiang)關的電路性(xing)(xing)能要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。在所有無源元件(jian)中，鋁質電解電容(rong)的故(gu)障率(lv)最高，因此選(xuan)型尤為(wei)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)。

鋁(lv)質(zhi)電(dian)解電(dian)容的選(xuan)擇(ze)要(yao)(yao)點：容量、耐壓、溫度范(fan)圍、元(yuan)件(jian)封(feng)裝形式和(he)尺(chi)寸、紋波(bo)(bo)電(dian)流(liu)、紋波(bo)(bo)電(dian)壓、漏電(dian)流(liu)、ESR、耗散因(yin)數、阻抗/頻(pin)率特(te)性(xing)、電(dian)容器壽命、實(shi)際需(xu)要(yao)(yao)、性(xing)能和(he)考慮成本(ben)等(deng)綜合考慮，電(dian)子元(yuan)器件(jian)技術網通過調查工程師(shi)在鋁(lv)電(dian)解選(xuan)型和(he)應用中遇到(dao)的問題提出，注意(yi)耐壓、容量、溫度、尺(chi)寸等(deng)幾個參(can)數，同時(shi)還要(yao)(yao)注意(yi)鋁(lv)質(zhi)電(dian)解電(dian)容對整(zheng)個電(dian)路(lu)的影響。穩定性(xing)問題。

鋁(lv)質(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)是(shi)以(yi)(yi)蝕刻的(de)高純鋁(lv)箔為陽極(ji)，以(yi)(yi)浸(jin)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液的(de)薄紙或布為陰極(ji)組成的(de)極(ji)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)。優點：容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)大(da)，耐(nai)壓(ya)高，價格低(di)缺(que)點：漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)流大(da)，誤差大(da)，穩定性差，使用(yong)壽命隨溫度升高迅速(su)下降(jiang)。數字電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)使用(yong)的(de)鋁(lv)質(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)一(yi)般用(yong)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)平(ping)滑(hua)和濾波(bo)。除了(le)眾所周知的(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)、耐(nai)壓(ya)、容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)誤差、工(gong)作溫度、封裝(zhuang)尺(chi)寸等(deng)(deng)參數外(wai)，還有一(yi)些(xie)(xie)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)相關的(de)重要參數，包括損耗角。切線、漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)流、等(deng)(deng)效串聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻ESR、允許紋波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流、使用(yong)壽命等(deng)(deng)。這些(xie)(xie)參數沒有標注在成品(pin)(pin)封裝(zhuang)的(de)外(wai)皮上，只(zhi)是(shi)體現(xian)在產品(pin)(pin)規(gui)格中(zhong)，但這些(xie)(xie)參數可能是(shi)關鍵電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)性能。

容量和額定工作(zuo)電(dian)壓(ya)

鋁質電(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)本(ben)(ben)體(ti)(ti)上標注的(de)(de)容(rong)量和(he)耐壓非常重要。它是(shi)選擇(ze)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器最(zui)基本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)內容(rong)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器的(de)(de)實際選擇(ze)中，容(rong)量較大(da)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)應該用于(yu)當前迅速變化的(de)(de)地(di)方，但容(rong)量越(yue)大(da)越(yue)好(hao)。首先(xian)，容(rong)量越(yue)大(da)，成本(ben)(ben)和(he)體(ti)(ti)積越(yue)高。另(ling)外，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器越(yue)大(da)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流越(yue)多。它的(de)(de)更大(da)是(shi)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間越(yue)長。這些都是(shi)在實際應用選擇(ze)中考(kao)慮的(de)(de)。

額(e)定工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓：在(zai)(zai)指(zhi)定的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)溫(wen)度范圍內，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器可(ke)以長時間可(ke)靠地(di)工(gong)作(zuo)，并且可(ke)以承受(shou)的(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)大(da)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。在(zai)(zai)AC電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)，應(ying)當注(zhu)意，所施加的(de)(de)AC電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)大(da)值不能(neng)超過電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器的(de)(de)直流工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值。常用的(de)(de)固定電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為6.3V，10V，16V，25V，50V，63V，100V，2500V，400V，500V，630V。電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器實際上(shang)必須(xu)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)承受(shou)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不能(neng)超過其耐(nai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值。在(zai)(zai)濾波器電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器的(de)(de)耐(nai)壓值不應(ying)小于AC的(de)(de)RMS值的(de)(de)1.42倍。

要(yao)注意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)另(ling)一個(ge)問(wen)題是工作電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)裕度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題，通常超(chao)過15％。例如，電(dian)容器的(de)(de)(de)(de)額(e)(e)定電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為50V，但(dan)(dan)浪(lang)涌電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)高達63V，但(dan)(dan)通常僅施(shi)加42V的(de)(de)(de)(de)最大電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。讓電(dian)容器的(de)(de)(de)(de)額(e)(e)定電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)具有更多的(de)(de)(de)(de)余量，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)降(jiang)低(di)內阻，降(jiang)低(di)漏電(dian)流(liu)，降(jiang)低(di)損(sun)耗角(jiao)度(du)，并增加壽命。雖然(ran)據說(shuo)使用具有48V的(de)(de)(de)(de)工作電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)50V鋁質電(dian)解電(dian)容不會在短時間內引起問(wen)題，但(dan)(dan)是經(jing)過長時間使用，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)減(jian)少(shao)使用壽命。

介電損失

電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場的(de)(de)動(dong)作下(xia)消耗(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)能量(liang)通常由電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)的(de)(de)無功功率(lv)的(de)(de)比(bi)率(lv)表(biao)示，即損耗(hao)(hao)角度的(de)(de)切線（在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)的(de)(de)等(deng)效電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)，系列等(deng)效電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)ESR等(deng)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗1 /Ωc。比(bi)調用它(ta)Tan Delta，其中(zhong)ESR在(zai)120 Hz計算。顯然，Tan Delta因測量(liang)頻率(lv)而異隨測量(liang)溫度的(de)(de)升高而增(zeng)加(jia)，隨測量(liang)溫度的(de)(de)降低而增(zeng)加(jia)）。損耗(hao)(hao)角越(yue)大(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)的(de)(de)損耗(hao)(hao)越(yue)大(da)，損耗(hao)(hao)角大(da)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)不(bu)適合高頻工(gong)作。

耗散因(yin)數 (DF) 存在于(yu)所有(you)電(dian)容器(qi)中，有(you)時 DF 值表示為損(sun)耗角 tanδ。這個參數越(yue)(yue)低越(yue)(yue)好(hao)。但是鋁質(zhi)電(dian)解電(dian)容的(de)這個參數比(bi)較高(gao)(gao)。 DF值高(gao)(gao)低與同品(pin)牌同系列電(dian)容器(qi)的(de)溫(wen)度、容量(liang)、電(dian)壓、頻率等(deng)有(you)關(guan)；容量(liang)相同時，耐(nai)壓越(yue)(yue)高(gao)(gao)，DF值越(yue)(yue)低。此外(wai)，溫(wen)度越(yue)(yue)高(gao)(gao)，DF值越(yue)(yue)高(gao)(gao)，頻率越(yue)(yue)高(gao)(gao)，DF值越(yue)(yue)高(gao)(gao)。

方(fang)面(mian)

尺(chi)寸與(yu)(yu)重(zhong)量(liang)(liang)和(he)銷(xiao)釘類(lei)型(xing)有關(guan)(guan)。單端是(shi)徑向引線型(xing)，螺(luo)(luo)絲(si)是(shi)鎖螺(luo)(luo)絲(si)型(xing)，還(huan)有貼(tie)片(pian)鋁質電(dian)解(jie)電(dian)容(rong)。至于(yu)重(zhong)量(liang)(liang)，同樣的(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)就是(shi)耐壓，但是(shi)比較兩個(ge)不同品牌的(de)(de)電(dian)容(rong)，重(zhong)量(liang)(liang)肯定是(shi)不一樣的(de)(de)；而外形尺(chi)寸則(ze)更多(duo)與(yu)(yu)外殼設(she)計有關(guan)(guan)。

一(yi)般來說，對于直(zhi)徑(jing)相同、容量(liang)相同的(de)電容器，可以用高度較(jiao)小(xiao)的(de)電容器來代替高度較(jiao)大的(de)電容器，但(dan)在更換長度較(jiao)大的(de)電容器時必(bi)須考慮機(ji)械干擾的(de)問題。

血沉

由于(yu)其結構(gou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)將具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)各種阻抗和感(gan)(gan)抗。 ESR等效(xiao)串(chuan)聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻和ESL等效(xiao)串(chuan)聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)是(shi)一對重要的(de)(de)(de)參(can)數——這(zhe)是(shi)容抗的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)。與較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)外部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)相比，具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)較小等效(xiao)串(chuan)聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻 (ESR) 的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)可以更好地(di)吸(xi)收快速(su)轉換期間的(de)(de)(de)峰值（紋波）電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。并聯使用具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)大(da) ESR 的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)更具(ju)(ju)成本效(xiao)益。然而，這(zhe)需要在 PCB 面積、器(qi)(qi)件數量(liang)和成本之間進行折衷。

紋(wen)波電流(liu)和(he)紋(wen)波電壓

在一些數據中，它被稱(cheng)為紋(wen)波(bo)電(dian)流(liu)和(he)紋(wen)波(bo)電(dian)壓(ya)，但它實際上是紋(wen)波(bo)電(dian)流(liu)NT，紋(wen)波(bo)電(dian)壓(ya)。該含義是電(dian)容器可以(yi)承受(shou)的(de)(de)紋(wen)波(bo)電(dian)流(liu)/電(dian)壓(ya)值(zhi)。紋(wen)波(bo)電(dian)壓(ya)等于紋(wen)波(bo)電(dian)流(liu)和(he)ESR的(de)(de)乘(cheng)積(ji)。

當紋(wen)(wen)波電(dian)流增加(jia)時(shi)，即使ESR保持(chi)不變，紋(wen)(wen)波電(dian)壓(ya)也會呈指數增加(jia)。換(huan)句話說，隨著紋(wen)(wen)波電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)增加(jia)，紋(wen)(wen)波電(dian)流也是這(zhe)樣的(de)，這(zhe)就是為什么電(dian)容需要具有(you)較低的(de)ESR值。在疊(die)加(jia)紋(wen)(wen)波電(dian)流之后，由于電(dian)容器內(nei)的(de)等效串聯(lian)電(dian)阻（ESR）而(er)產生熱量，這(zhe)會影(ying)響電(dian)容器的(de)使用壽(shou)命。通常，紋(wen)(wen)波電(dian)流與頻率為正